Genpause i EU - eller hvad ?
NOAH-Genteknologi gør status
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7. juli 1999
Natten mellem den 24. og 25. juni blev højdramatisk for EUs miljøministre. De var samlet til ministerrådsmøde i Luxembourg, og vigtigste punkt på dagsordenen, var om der skulle indføres et såkaldt moratorium (tænkepause) for gensplejsede afgrøder i EU. Punktet var rejst på foranledning af et brev fra den græske miljøminister Theodoros Koliopanos sendt den 11. maj til hans ministerkollegaer. Koliopanos ønskede et stop for nye GMO-godkendelser indtil et ændringsforslag til EUs gendirektiv (90/220/EEC om udsætning af gensplejsede organismer) var vedtaget og implementeret i medlemslandene.
Den tyske miljøminister Jürgen Trittin proklamerede allerede torsdag aften (den 24.), at de 15 lande var nået til enighed om, at der skulle indføres et moratorium. Glæden hos miljø- og forbrugerorganisationer og mange andre græsrødder og politikere var stor. Men det skulle vise sig, at det var en gevaldig overdrivelse fra den tyske minister! Der var ingen enighed overhovedet.
Frankrig var landet, der pressede hårdest på for at få en genpause. Spanien, Tyskland og specielt Storbritanien satte hælene i og var åbenlyse modstandere af en genpause. Nattens forhandlinger endte kl. 5.30 fredag morgen, og det blev straks annonceret, at de 15 lande ikke kunne blive enige om en genpause! Til gengæld var man nået til enighed om et ændringsforslag til EUs gendirektiv (90/220/EEC). Genpausen var altså faldet til jorden - eller var den?
For det viste sig, at den franske minister Dominique Voynet ikke ville give op, og hun havde derfor udarbejdet sin egen deklaration, som iøvrigt lå tæt op af det oprindelige græske forslag. Den franske deklaration fik støtte fra Grækenland, Italien, Luxembourg og Danmark. Underskriverne forpligtiger sig til at stemme imod nye godkendelser af markedsføring eller dyrkning af GMO'er, indtil EU's lovgivning på området (d.v.s. revisionen af direktiv 90/220) er faldet på plads.
Godkendelse af nye GMO'er sker i følge den såkaldte artikel 21 komité procedure, hvor der kræves et kvalificeret flertal. De 5 lande har til sammen netop nok stemmer til at blokere en flertalsbeslutning, d.v.s. at så længe de 5 lande overholder deres indbyrdes aftale, vil der ikke kunne foretages nye godkendelser af GMO'er i EU.
På initiativ
af Østrig blev seks andre lande også enige om at underskrive
en deklaration. I denne fremgår det,
at underskriverne vil modsætte sig, at GMO'er kan markedsføres
i EU, indtil det er demonstreret, at GMO'er ikke har nogen negative effekter
på miljø eller sundhed. Det lyder umidelbart som et strengere
krav end i det franske forslag. Men reelt er det bare noget politisk snik-snak,
for man vil selvfølgelig aldrig kunne sikre, at GMO'er ikke har
negative effekter og hvad er disse negative effekter overhovedet. Det er
ikke defineret. Den østrigske deklaration er derfor noget tynd,
men kan opfattes som en slags støtte til den franske erklæring.
EU fik altså med Frankrigs hjælp en form for genpause - også kaldet et "de facto moratorium" (tænkepausen er ikke vedtaget, men alligevel et faktum!)
Aftalen vil antageligt gælde indtil direktiv 90/220 er færdigrevideret og implementeret i medlemslandene. Dette vil tage minimum halvandet år, sandsynligvis mere end 2 år.
Er det så godt
eller skidt, at vi har fået et "de facto moratorium" og at miljøministrene
blev enige om et ændringsforslag til 90/200? Det har NOAH-Genteknologi
forsøgt at få et overblik over, hvilket kan læses i
det følgende. Én ting er sikkert, gensplejsningsproblematikken
er - om muligt - blevet endnu mere grumset og uklar end før ministerrådsmødet
den 24-25. juni.
NOAH-Genteknologi
mener:
Bilag:
Brev fra den græske miljøminister
HELLENIC REPUBLIC
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT PHYSICAL PLANNING AND PUBLIC
WORKS
Athens, 11th May 1999
Dear Colleague,
As you may have realised, recently the issue of genetically modified organisms appears more often in the media.
Within the scientific community and economic and political circles, questions, enquiries and contradictions start to arise more frequently. Also, the concern and doubts of many citizens on the effects that may be caused to the environment and public health from the use of genetically modified organisms is increasing continuously.
The rapid prevalence of these products in the USA market, the fact that EU has not yet formulated a common policy on the subject, the intensification of the relative scientific research and the application of biotechnology are all matters that require our attention and consideration.
In December 1998, during the Austrian Presidency, at the Council of EU Environment Ministers we had a fruitful and constructive discussion on the modification of Directive 90/220 regarding the release of genetically modified organisms.
The Member States, through a Council Declaration, expressed their intention to take into consideration the new risk assessment and monitoring principles, which are going to be defined.
However, this is not enough.
In view of the intention expressed by the President to adopt a common position at the Council of Environment Ministers in June (which is quite difficult), negotiations with the European Parliament for the final approval Directive 90/220 would be necessary. We believe that the application of a transition procedure suspending approvals regarding the placing on the market genetically modified organisms is essential so as to manage the issue better.
The adoption of this procedure at EU level should last at the least until the modification of Directive 90/220 is completed.
At this point I would like to emphasise that, apart from monitoring and risk assessment, there are also issues such as the simplified procedures, the duration of the time limited permit, clear labelling and its relation to sectoral legislation, environmental liability, as well as moral aspects, which all are matters that need to be defined.
This time interval will help us:
· To assess calmly the whole situation and to develop a constructive cooperation with the European Parliament, if we wish to clarify how Europe conceives and intends to use and place on the market genetically modified organisms.
· To raise any doubts and unforeseen developments prevailing in the European market today.
· To inform the public better and to exchange points of view and information with all interested organisations and agencies.
· To complete (possibly) all the relevant sectoral EU legislation and to relate it properly.
· To prepare each state mechanism and especially those involved with agricultural production, and more particularly, to develop sound control mechanisms.
To this end, Greece expresses the hope that you support our point of view and ally with us in the coming Council of EU Environment Ministers in June, in order to form a common policy on the aforementioned matter.
Yours sincerely
Signed by:
Theodoros Koliopanos
Deputy Minister for the Environment
Physical Planning and Public Works
Ændringsforslag til direktiv 90/220/EEC (om udsætning af gensplejsede organismer)
DELIBERATE RELEASE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
The Council reached a political agreement, with France, Ireland and Italy abstaining, in view of a common position on the proposal to amend Directive 90/220/EEC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
The Directive deals with experimental releases of GMOs (deliberate releases for any other purpose than for placing on the market which are in principle limited to individual Member States) in its Part B and placing on the Community market of GMOs in its Part C.
Before any of the (Part B and C) procedures leading to first-time consents is initiated, an environmental risk-assessment based on common principles has to be carried out.
Each Part comprises a standard procedure at the end of which the "lead" competent authority (i.e. the one having received a notification) gives its consent for the deliberate release or the placing on the market. Whilst only one national competent authority is responsible of granting a consent for the standard procedure under Part B, all the competent authorities are involved for the differentiated (simplified) procedure under Part B and the standard procedure under Part C.
For the placing on the market, which involves all the Member States, consent is given only where possible objections have been answered or a decision has been taken by committee procedure and if the lead competent authority is not opposed to the proposed placing on the market. Consent is given following extensive consultation (public, scientific committees) and for a maximum period of 10 years for the initial consent. It specifies mandatory monitoring and labelling requirements.
Under Part B, the standard procedure is complemented by
a differentiated one in terms e.g. of information requirements or time-periods
whereby, following mandatory consultation of Scientific Committees and
public, a committee defines differentiated (in terms of information, time-period,
..) procedures which could subsequently apply to releases meeting certain
safety criteria where sufficient experience exists;
Additional procedures are foreseen for the renewal of
consents and the handling of consents given under the existing Directive,
and for monitoring and handling of new information and objections to GMOs
which have already received consents.
Part C requirements do not apply to products authorised
by other Community legislation which is "equivalent" as regards risk assessment,
risk management, monitoring as appropriate, labelling information to the
public and safeguard clause, to this Directive.
Whenever decisions by committee are called for, they
follow a Regulatory procedure.
As for labelling, it must be stated clearly that "this
product contains genetically modified organisms". The compromise allows
threshold levels to be established for each product concerned by the Commission,
under the Comitology procedure.
Finally, the text provides for a mandatory consultation of the public for part B and part C both for standard and differentiated procedures.
Declarations made by Member States can be found below.
Deklaration underskrevet af Frankrig, Grækenland, Italien, Luxembourg og Danmark
The governments of the following member states (DK, F, G, I and L) in the framework of the powers which are conferred to them concerning the cultivation and placing on the market of GMOs;
Considering the necessity to put into place a more strict and transparent framework, in particular concenring risk evaluation, taking into consideration the specificity of European ecosystems, monitoring, labelling;
Considering the necessity to restore the confidence of public opinion and the market;
Underline the importance that the Commission presents without delay a complete project for regulation which guarantees labelling and traceability of GMOs and products derived therefrom, and declare that in the interim period pending the adopting of this regulation, in line with the principles of prevention and precaution, they will act in such a way that new authorisations for cultivation and placing on the market be suspended.
(uofficiel engelsk oversættelse af original fransk tekst)
Deklaration underskrevet af Østrig, Tyskland, Belgien, Holland, Sverige og Finland
Being aware of the increasing public concern about the potential risks to health and environment linked to the release and the placing on the market of GMOs, the above-mentioned delegations
· stress the need to implement a more transparent and strict framework concerning critical issues such as risk assessment taking into account the specificity of European ecosystems, monitoring and labelling as well as the need to restore the trust of public opinion and of the market;
· reaffirm their intention to work for a rapid finalisation of the legislative process concerning the proposal for an amendment of Directive 90/220/EEC and invite the European Parliament to join the Council and the Commission in their intention so that the legislative process can be rapidly finalised.
Against this background the Governments of these Member States, having regard to the precautionary principle set out in Article 174(2) of the Treaty, intend:
· to take a thoroughly precautionary approach in dealing with notifications and authorisations for the placing on the market of GMOs,
· not to authorise the placing on the market of any GMOs until it is demonstrated that there is no adverse effect on the environment and human health, and
· to the extent legally possible to apply immediately the principles, especially regarding traceability and labelling, laid down in the political agreement for a revision of Directive 90/220/EEC reached by the Council on 24/25 June 1999.
Therefore, these delegations invite the Commission as a matter of urgency to make a proposal for effective implementation of the provisions regarding labelling and traceability of GMOs through the comitology procedure foreseen in Directive 90/220/EEC.
These delegations welcome the intention of the Commission in the context of the forthcoming white paper on liability to assess the question of liability for environmental damage linked to the deliberate release and placing on the market of GMOs.
These delegations take note of the possibility for Member
States to introduce national measures in conformity with the new provisions
laid down in paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Article 95 of the EC Treaty.
EUs medlemsstater har et forskelligt antal stemmer afhængig af landets størrelse. Stemmerne er fordelt således:
Luxembourg 2 stemmer, Danmark, Finland og Irland 3, Østrig og Sverige 4, Belgien, Grækenland, Holland og Portugal 5, Spanien 8 og Frankrig, Tyskland, Italien og Storbritannien har 10 stemmer.
Kvalificeret flertal opnås ved minimum 62 ud af de ialt 87 stemmer.
Danmark, Frankrig, Grækenland, Italien og Luxembourg
har til sammen 30 stemmer. De resterende 57 stemmer er altså
ikke tilstrækkeligt til et kvalificeret flertal. Derfor kan de 5
lande, hvis de holder deres aftale (se deklarationen
ovenfor), blokere for alle nye godkendelser af GMO produkter/afgrøder
i EU.
Spørgsmål S 2435 (§ 20 spørgsmål) til miljø- og energiminister Svend Auken
Til miljø- og energiministeren (18/6 99) af:
Keld Albrechtsen (EL):
»Vil ministeren foretage en nyvurdering af risikoen for en spredning af pollen fra gensplejsede afgrøder over store afstande, og vil ministeren på den baggrund gribe ind over for eksisterende tilladelser til forsøgsdyrkning af gensplejsede afgrøder i Danmark?«
Begrundelse
Der henvises til oplysninger i Politiken og Information
den 18. juni 1999 om, at spredning af pollen fra gensplejsede afgrøder
truer det økologiske landbrug. Danske myndigheder har tidligere
godkendt flere demonstrationsforsøg med gensplejsede afgrøder.
I svaret på spørgsmål nr. S 2020 om disse forsøg
har ministeren redegjort for den eksisterende kontrol i Danmark, men de
nye oplysninger må nu give anledning til en revurdering.
Svar (5/7 99)
Miljø- og energiministeren (Svend Auken):
Det er ikke noget nyt, at planter kan sprede pollen over lange afstande, og det er ikke relateret til, om planterne er gensplejsede eller ej.
Der dyrkes ikke gensplejsede afgrøder i Danmark på kommerciel basis. Jeg kan i den forbindelse særligt henlede opmærksomheden på den erklæring, som Danmark sammen med fire andre lande afgav i forbindelse med det seneste EU-miljøministerrådsmøde. Problemstillingen med spredning af indsatte gener fra gensplejsede afgrøder til vilde slægtninge og til ikkegensplejsede afgrøder begrænser sig derfor i praksis til forsøgsudsætningerne.
Vurderinger af pollenspredning vil og skal altid være en central del af risikovurderingerne, men jeg mener ikke, at der grund til at gribe ind overfor forsøgsudsætningerne i Danmark. Forsøgsudsætningerne er en af vore muligheder for at få belyst nogle af de aspekter, der er så stor usikkerhed om. Netop i forbindelse med forsøgsudsætningerne gøres der en særlig indsats for at forhindre spredning.
Jeg har bedt Skov- og Naturstyrelsen gøre nærmere rede for dette:
"Myndighederne er især opmærksomme på to forhold:
Omstændighederne ved forsøgene skal være således, at spredningen af gener fra forsøgsparceller begrænses mest muligt.
Forsøgene skal i visse situationer indeholde planer for undersøgelser, som belyser spredningen, og som kan danne grundlag for eventuelle krav i forbindelse med en senere vurdering i en markedsføringsansøgning.
Hver ansøgning vurderes individuelt, og de såkaldte indeslutningsforanstaltninger vælges således, at planten får ringe muligheder for at spredes via pollen, frø eller via plantedele (vegetativt). I praksis gøres dette ved at stille krav til afstande, håndtering, affaldsbehandling osv., ofte kombineret med krav om værnebælter og særlige efterbehandlinger af forsøgsarealer.
Det er for visse planters vedkommende vanskeligere at forhindre spredning til omgivelserne end for andre. Eksempelvis er raps en afgrøde, som både spredes til vilde slægtninge (agerkål), og som har en forholdsvis lang afstand for pollenspredning via insektbestøvning. Med de hidtidige, meget begrænsede tilladelser til forsøgsudsætninger har indeslutningskravene været strenge, og afstandskrav til andre rapsafgrøder har været fastlagt i o verensstemmelse med afstandskravet for dyrkning af certificeret frø til fremavl.
I forbindelse med en ansøgning om udsætning af vårraps i 1999 er der blevet anmodet om yderligere dokumentation for spredning. Kan disse spredningsforhold ikke dokumenteres tilfredsstillende, vil virksomheden (AgrEvo) blive bedt om at udarbejde planer for en undersøgelse, som kan udgøre et tilfredsstillende videnskabeligt grundlag for at tage stilling til dyrkning af genetisk modificeret raps. Materialet er for øjeblikket under behandling i Skov- og Naturstyrelsen. "
(Kilde: www.folketinget.dk)
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